COLLECTION NAME:
Visual Resources Teaching Collection
mediaCollectionId
ArtArtHiAAH~7~7
Visual Resources Teaching Collection
Collection
true
Image Record ID:
aahi0009262
image_record_id
aahi0009262
Image Record ID
false
Work Title (display):
Negress Notes
Image Title:
full view
Work Dates (display):
1996
Work Dates type:
creation
Image Date (display):
2012-03-01
Work Creator (display):
Kara Elizabeth Walker (American, born 1969)
Work Creator gender:
female
work_creator_or_agent_gender
female
Work Creator gender
false
Work Creator notes (display):
American silhouettist, printmaker, painter, installation artist and film maker. At the age of 13, Walker moved from California to Stone Mountain, GA, when her father, the painter Larry Walker (b 1935), accepted a teaching position at Georgia State University. She received her BFA at the Atlanta College of Art, GA, in 1991 and her MFA at the Rhode Island School of Design, Providence, in 1994. In 2001 she began teaching at Columbia University School of the Arts in New York. Walker's work explores issues of race, gender, sexuality and identity through paper cut-out silhouettes of scenes depicting slavery and plantation life in the ante-bellum South. Often life-size and spanning an entire wall or room, Walker illustrated racial stereotypes with exaggerated representations of mammies, pickaninnies and sambos, alongside white southern belles and gentleman engaged in acts of violence, torture and sex (e.g. Consume, 1998). Using the silhouette, a 19th-century craft created mostly for the middle class, Walker initially seduces viewers with a polite, delicate and feminine veneer; she compared the technique of silhouettes to the nature of stereotypes themselves, in which the complexities of an individual or situation are reduced and simplified into easily identifiable forms. As all figures are depicted in black or in shadows, racial identity can only be approximated by their profile or actions. As a result, viewers create their own narrative, thus implicating themselves in the creation and perpetuation of these stereotypes. Walker first rose to fame in an exhibition at The Drawing Center in New York of her work Gone: An Historical Romance of Civil War As it Occurred Between the Dusky Thighs of Young Negress and Her Heart (1994; see fig.), a narrative on a southern plantation influenced by Margaret Mitchell's novel Gone with the Wind (1936). In this series of vignettes, viewers have described a white gentleman flirting with a lady while pointing a sword at his bastard child who holds the neck of a swan while the Negress slave floats in the water (see fig.), squeezes out babies or is carried away on the shoulders of her master who buries his head underneath her skirt (see fig.). The Negress, or the 'nigger wench', appears frequently in her works, and much speculation has been made about Walker's personal identification with this figure. Another prevalent theme is the classical myth of Leda and the swan with its allusion to miscegenation, as seen in the swans that frequent her illustrations. Walker's influences are plentiful, ranging from Harlequin romance novels, slave narratives, minstrel shows and black memorabilia, through to history painting, Andy Warhol and Pop art, Robert Colescott and Adrian Piper. In 1997, at the age of 28, Walker was the youngest person to be awarded the prestigious MacArthur Foundation scholarship, an honour that engendered much public criticism. In particular, the artist Betye Saar, well known for arming images of Aunt Jemima with a rifle or other weapon, embarked on a letter-writing campaign condemning Walker for the way she portrayed negative racial stereotypes rather than attacking them. The controversy let to a symposium in 1998 called Change the Joke and Slip the Yoke at Harvard University, accompanied by an exhibition of Walker's work, about the use and value of stereotypical African American imagery in contemporary art and the collection and exhibition of black memorabilia. In the spring of 2002, Walker represented the USA at the 25th São Paulo Biennale with the 26-metre cyclorama Slavery! Slavery!, based on the famous grand-scale painting and diorama in the round in Georgia depicting the Battle of Atlanta (see fig.). Continuing this interest in creating a space of illusion where viewers are included in her narratives, Walker began using projected silhouettes and coloured lights in her installations, where viewers see their own shadows cast onto the wall, alongside the cut-out figures (e.g. In Insurrection! (Our Tools Were Rudimentary, Yet We Pressed On), 2000). Walker further extended the possibilities of transforming the flat, two-dimensional silhouettes into theatrical performances in works such as Fibbergibbet and Mumbo Jumbo: Kara E. Walker in Two Acts (2004) and films such as Eight Possible Beginnings Or: The Creation of African-America, Parts 1-8, A Moving Picture By: Kara E. Walker (2005; see video still 1, still 2, still 3, still 4, still 5), Walker's second film, which tells the story of creation using silhouette puppets that act out scenes of plantation work and master-slave sex. Walker's work presents viewers with a retelling of the black experience where fact and fantasy are blurred and distinctions between good and evil, and black and white disappear. Her figures are engaged in a power struggle, full of desire and fear, between domination and submission. Through these images, she exposed the absurdity, insanity and paranoia of the USA's obsession with race, which manifests itself, according to Walker, in a need to overcome racism as well as a fear of what may happen if race no longer becomes a primary means of categorizing and understanding society. (Grove Art Online Accessed 2008-02-06)
Work Style Period:
20th century
work_styleperiod
20th century
Work Style Period
false
Work Style Period:
Contemporary
work_styleperiod
Contemporary
Work Style Period
false
Work Subject:
America
subject
America
Work Subject
false
Work Subject:
fear
subject
fear
Work Subject
false
Work Subject:
female
subject
female
Work Subject
false
Work Subject:
movement
subject
movement
Work Subject
false
Work Subject:
environments (object groupings)
subject
environments (object groupings)
Work Subject
false
Work Subject:
figures
subject
figures
Work Subject
false
Work Subject:
African Americans
subject
African Americans
Work Subject
false
Work Subject:
infants
subject
infants
Work Subject
false
Work Subject:
social classes
subject
social classes
Work Subject
false
Work Subject:
body, human
subject
body, human
Work Subject
false
Work Worktype:
paintings (visual works)
work_type
paintings (visual works)
Work Worktype
false
Work Worktype:
drawings
work_type
drawings
Work Worktype
false
Work Category (VRC classification):
paintings
work_category__ucbaahvrc_classification_
paintings
Work Category (VRC classification)
false
Work Material and Technique (display):
watercolor, ink and pencil
Work Measurements (display):
9 in (H) x 6 in (W)
Work Location (Repository or Site) name:
Collection of George Lindemann
Work Location (Repository or Site) role:
repository
Image Source Reproduction citation:
Public Broadcasting Service (U.S.). Art 21: Art in the Twenty-First Century 2. Ed. Susan Sollins & Marybeth Sollins. New York, N.Y: Abrams, 2003. Print.
image_source_copy_from_print_name
Public Broadcasting Service (U.S.). Art 21: Art in the Twenty-First Century 2. Ed. Susan Sollins & Marybeth Sollins. New York, N.Y: Abrams, 2003. Print.
Image Source Reproduction citation
false
Image Source Reproduction refid:
0-8109-4609-2
Image Source Reproduction page number:
63
Image Source Reproduction refid type:
ISBN
Image Rights (display):
unknown
Image Rights fair use checklist:
1) use of this image is for education and educational research; 2) access is restricted to University of Colorado and Auraria Higher Education Center communities; 3) the original photographer is credited if known; 4) the image is published; 5) the amount of the work in relation to the whole is needed for education or educational research; 6) the number of derivatives is the minimum required for education or educational research; 7) the image has not been found to be reasonably available for sale; 8) duplication of the image does not violate preexisting contracts.
Work Rights (display):
© Kara Walker
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Holding Institution:
University of Colorado at Boulder
Collection:
Art and Art History Visual Resources Collection
Collection info and contact:
For information about this collection, see